Sunday 29 July 2012

HOW TO REDUCE STRESS AFTER WORK AND WHEN YOUR BOSS IS BEHIND YOUR BACK

    Stress is a change in the natural function of the body and mind. Falling in love, exercising, and living causes stress. The interpretation of these events determines whether they are viewed as a preferred or non-preferred stress.

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    Dis-ease occurs when non-preferred stress begins to affect our health. Stress appears initially as mental, emotional, or physical resistance. We have the ability to reduce non-preferred stress by telling ourselves and others how we feel and what we want. Stress says: slow down, ask for what we want, check our agreements, and take better care of ourselves.

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50 Simple Ways To Reduce Stress at Home and at Work

    1. Breathe, when you feel tense, take 10 slow, deep breaths in through your nose, out through your mouth.
    2. Touch, hug someone, hold hands, stroke a pet, make non-sexual physical contact with people, brush your hair.
    3. Communicate, be honest with your Self and others. Ask for what you want. Express your true feelings when they occur.
    4. Drink at least eight, 8 oz. glasses of good water a day. This flushes toxins out of our body.
    5. See the humor in life. Laugh at your self and life. Have fun and "play" at life.
    6. Meditation 15 minutes a day. Take time to relax, sit, breathe deeply, quiet your mind. Record In-sights and dreams in a journal.
    7. Be Human. Let up on yourself. Forgive your self and others. Slow down and enjoy being alive.

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    8. Communicate with friends. Spend time with each other. Share the good stuff.
    9. Hug three people each day. Relax and enjoy the feeling of
    10. Quit worrying about the Future. Concentrate on what you can do NOW.
    11. Make a TO DO list of your agreements for each month. Schedule both play time and free time, and do both activities.
    12. Write it down. Make notes to yourself. Make a list. Write special dates down on your calendar. Put it on tape.
    13. Say "NO" Allow yourself to say "NO" to some requests. Don't over commit yourself. Put yourself first; say YES to you.
    14. Clean it up Recycle old junk and papers. Clean your physical and mental house of old garbage.
    15. Wear comfortable, clean clothes, that make you feel good about yourself.
    16. Avoid doing anything to excess, even having fun.
    18. Express and receive love as often as possible to yourself and others.
    19. You always have choices in life. Re-Order your priorities. If you are not happy, choose some- thing new.
    20. Express your anger to the person involved the moment it's experienced.
    21. Be honest with yourself con- cerning your fears. Ask for more information or assistance.
    22. Crying is nature's way of releasing toxins from the body, releasing stress, or expressing joy.
    23. Change is constant. You can choose to change your choice anytime you want to do so.
    24. Trust your Self, and value your needs and choices. Follow your own intuition.
    25. Live in the moment. Stop fanta- sizing about "What If ". Choose from what IS available, Now.
    26. Feel good about yourself and your choices in life. Value what you Believe in. Walk your Talk.
    27. Forgive yourself and others. Withholding Love does not nur- ture relationships.
    28. When you do not love yourself first, you can not be satisfied by loving and doing for others.
    29. Make a commitment to expand your Spiritual, Mental, Emotional, and Physical well-being.
    30. Your most valuable and limited resource is your time. Value it, so others will.
    31. Obtain a written job description from your boss. Make any changes needed to keep your agreements.
    32. Take pride in your work. You only get One First Impression!
    33. Be responsible for your work. Do your best with every opportunity.
    34. Only do your job. Do not get conned into permanently assuming another person's job responsibilities.
    35. Do not play office politics. Be open and above board in all your relationships. Honor your Integrity.
    36. Do not listen to, encourage, or spread gossip. It damages your credibility and others.
    37. Talk with your co-workers about how to work together to solve problems.
    38. Don't be a "fix it " person for people's problems.
    39. When you have a problem, go to the person who can solve that specific problem. Ask questions.
    40. Ask questions. When you are not sure, or don't know, get information before taking action.
    41. Contribute Become a solution provider for problems, not just a problem discoverer.
    42. Leave work. When you go home, Go Home ! Work can be a part of your life, not your whole life.
    43. Put your family, career, and Self in perspective; know which is most important and nourish it.
    44. Value your emotions. Feel your feelings. Allow yourself to express them appropriately as they occur.
    45. Express your anger directly with clarity. Indirect or covert anger only prolongs distress and distrust.
    46. When asked, always tell the whole truth to yourself and to others.
    47. Respect your own ideas, and have respect for other people's feelings, ideas, and choices.
    48. Exercise, walk, stretch, move about. Staying physically fit keeps you mentally fit, emotionally calm, and at peace.
    49. Eat healthy foods and chew well. Don't eat just because you are bored, unhappy, or angry.
    50. Experience and express joy at being alive, at having choices, and at the opportunity to explore loving relationships.

                      

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SALAMA BREAD PARLOUR
P.O BOX
BUSINESS LOGO & SLOGAN
PRESENTED BY:
INDEX NO:
PRESENTED TO :
YEAR OF PRESENTATION: JUNE / JULY 2012.
BROWN BREAD
MILK BREAD
SLICED BREAD
SPICE FRUIT BREAD
TABLE OF CONTENT IN ROMANS
CONTENT page.
COVER PAGE…………………………………………………………………………….. (i)
TABLE OF CONTENT…………………………………………………………………….. (ii)
TABLE OF CONTENT II…………………………………………………………………... (iii)
DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………………… (iv)
DECLARATION…………………………………………………………………………… (v)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………………... (vi)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………………………………………………………….. (vii)
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 BUSINESS DESCRIPTION ………………………………………………………………1
1.1 BUSINESS NAME………………………………………………………………………...2
1.2 BUSINESS LOCATION ……………………………………………………………...3
1.3 FORM OF OWNERSHIP …………………………………………………………………4
1.4. TYPE OF BUSINESS …………………………………………………………………........4
1.5 PRODUCTS & SERVICE ……………………………………………………………........5
1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………………6
1.7 INDUSTRY ………………………………………………………………………………....6
1.8 BUSINESS GOALS AND OBJECTIVES;………………………………………………..7
1.9 ENTERY AND GROWTH STRATEGIES;…………………………………………………7
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 MARKETING PLAN………………………………………………………………………9
2.1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………….9
2.2 CUSTOMERS……………………………………………………………………………....9
2.3 MARKET SHARE………………………………………………………………………...10
2.4 COMPETITION…………………………………………………………………………...11
2.5 METHODS OF PROMOTION AND ADVERTISEMENTS TO ATTRACT AND
MAINTAIN CUSTOMERS……………………………………………………………………..12
2.6 PRICING POLICY………………………………………………………………………...14
2.7 SALES TACTICS…………………………………………………………………………14
2.8 DISTRIBUTION POLICY………………………………………………………………..15
CHAPTER THREE:
3.0 ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN……………………………………..16
3.1 BUSINESS MANAGERS………………………………………………………………...16
3.2 OTHER PERSONEL……………………………………………………………………...16
(ii)
3.3 RECRUITMENT, TRAINING AND PROMOTIONS…………………………………..17
3.4 INCENTIVES……………………………………………………………………………...17
3.5 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS……………………………………………………………….17
3.6 EXTERNAL SUPPORT…………………………………………………………………...18
3.7 GENERAL ORGANISATION…………………………………………………………...19
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 OPERATION AND PRODUCTION PLAN…………………………………………...20
4.1 PRODUCTION FACILITIES AND CAPACITIES……………………………………20
4.2 PRODUCTION STRATEGY…………………………………………………………….22
4.3 PRODUCTION PROCESS……………………………………………………………….26
4.4 PLAN LAYOUT…………………………………………………………………………..27
4.5 REGULATIONS AFFECTING PRODUCTION / OPERATION……………………….27
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 FINANCIAL PLAN
5.1 BOOKS OF ACCOUNT
5.2 PRE- OPERATIONAL COST
5.3 E STIMATION OF WORKING CAPITAL
5.4 ESTIM ATION OF FIXED ASSEERT.
5.5 CASH FLOW PROJECTIONS
5.6 PRORFOMA INCOME STATEMENT
5.7 PROFORMA BALANCE SHEET
5.8 BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS
5.9 PROFITABILITY RATIOS.
5.10 DESIRED FINANCING
5.11 PROPOSED CAPITALIZATION
5.12 PROPOSED LOAN
5.13 LOAN PAYMENT SCHEDULE.
`
(iii)

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DEDICATION
I dedicate this business plan to my parents , brothers and sisters without forgetting my dear
Morris for their moral support and encouragement lastly I highly encourage the effort of my
supervisor Mr. …………………………..energy to make sure that I have done his work
successfully.
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WATERMARK OR ADDS and contact me here
(iv)
DECLARATION
I declared that this is my original work and has not been presented in any institution of
learning or research for a ward of craft or any other award
NAME:
SIGNATURE:
DATE
SUPERVISOR’S NAME.
SIGNATURE
DATE
(v)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With sincerity my gratitude goes to God for giving me the strength through the writing of
this book secondly to my parents for giving me n the finance and education may the
Almighty Bless Them: thirdly to all my friends for their piece of advice. I also extend my
gratitude to Mr……………. for assisting and guiding during the writing of this project.
Finally tribute to all my classmates in particular.
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(vi)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
CHAPTER ONE
This will enroll the business description; the name of the business, type of ownership will be sole
proprietorship and business goals.
CHAPTER TWO
this will include marketing plan of the business , the customers to be targeted and the
services to be offered , competition to encounter and the different way to overpower them,
pricing policies and soles tactics.
CHAPTER THREE
this will include organization and management plan i.e. the different personnel to be
involved in the management of the business for effective running of business
CHAPTER FOUR
This will where the operation plan is included i.e. production strategies to be used in effective
competition with other business ,the processes and plan layout of the business how it will be
i.e. Sketch the business.
CHAPTER FIVE
This is financing plan shows the cash inflow and outflow. Also shows the balance sheets, gross
margins and the break even analysis of the business
1.
1.0 BUSINESS NAME
The name of the business will be “SALAMA BREAD PARLOUR”. The name Salama is
associated with something peaceful and it is meant to attract customers. The owner has
researched thoroughly about the idea that the environment within the business location is the best
for the business.
BUSINESS LOGO:
BROWN BREAD
MILK BREAD
SLICED BREAD
SPICE FRUIT BREAD
2.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1.BUSINESS SLOGAN
“WELCOME ALL AND FEEL THE DIFFERENCE”
This means that all people are welcome and they feel difference from other bread parlours within
the location.
1.2.BUSINESS LOCATION AND ADDRESS:
The business will be located at Matiri Market in a building known as Zebra Plaza within the
market. The business is approximately 29km from Chuka Town.
Address of the business:
SALAMA BREAD PARLOUR
P.O. BOX 28,
CHUKA.
TELEPHONE: 0729 741 211
EMAIL: salamabre@yahoo.com
The owner has decided to locate the business at Matiri Market because the family lives there,
population is very high and have the knowledge of the place.
There is also availability of raw materials, infrastructure and also security. The economic
activity of the people in the area is pastoralist. The common language within the region is
Kimeru and staple food is maize, millet, green grams and peas.
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3.
MAP OF THE BUSINESS LOCATION
1.3. FORM OF OWNERSHIP
The business will be sole proprietorship because the owner will be the manager and will be the
coordinator of it. The reason for choosing this type of business is that the owner will enjoy the
profit alone because of being the manager. The management and maintenances is also easy. The
owner will become his/her own boss. There is also quick decision making.
1.4.TYPE OF BUSINESS
The type of business is manufacturing since it is involved in baking breads to make them ready
for human consumption. The scope of trading will be locally and regional based, whereby the
breads will be sold to the nearby villages and location. The diversification level of product, the
owner can start production of cakes ingredients.
4.
1.5. PRODUCTS AND SERVICES.
The business will be offering quality and quantity products.
The business will be baking different types of the breads .The products offered includes:
(a) Sliced bread
(b) Brown bread
(c) Milk bread
(d) Spice/fruit bread
(a) Sliced bread
This is prepared by use of sugar, blue band, wheat flour, eggs.
This is done by mixing sugar, blue band, wheat flour and eggs thoroughly stir until they mix
completely in one direction to avoid air entering inside.
Cover the dough for short period then uncover the bread and place it in a display ready for sale.
(b) Brown bread.
This is done by mixing sugar, flour, blue band, baking powder,
The procedure is the same as for sliced bread.
(c) Milk bread
They are produced by mixing one egg, wheat flour, milk and water.
(d) Sliced bread
Done by mixing sugar, flour, blue band and water.
The procedure is the same.
The customer will obtain benefits from products whereby the business will offer products at
cheap price to the customers. The business will also offer high quality breads so as to attract
customers. The product will also readily available and delivered to all customers around. Trading
secrets will be to cater for the well being of the customers available within the area.
The future plan of the business is to operate at the different regions around in order to
accomplish the target of starting other new branches throughout the country.
SERVICES
The business will offer services of transporting the cakes to the interior retailers in the area and
also customers who have large orders in their destinations. There will be low cost of
transportation since the breads will be transported to their destination. Creation of employment
will be available to the customers has the business expands.
Customers will be saved from expenses of buying the materials for preparing breads therefore
the business will offer them with all of breads.
5.
1.6.JUSTIFICATION OF OPPORTUNITIES
The decision of starting this business is because the owner grew here and realized the market in
the area is doing well. It is contributed by market. Where the research shows bread production is
not offered in a wide range whereas people are in need of them.
Competition is stiff but the owner aims at producing quality breads and at affordable prices. The
market demand also contributed because the customers are potential of the products in the area
since the population is well distributed and they are in need of breads.
VIABILITY OF OPPORTUNITY
Highly maximized opportunity will be considered in the business to satisfy the customers in
asking questions. This will enable the business to venture into the new market and thus expand
with time.
Raw materials of the product will be readily available because most of the Ingredients are natural
and are easily gotten from an outer market .Thus will need both skilled and unskilled labourers
who will be assisting in the business.
CONTRIBUTION OF BUSINESS TO THE LOCAL COMMUNITY.
The production of the products need the utilization of raw materials from different areas and this
will lead to well distribution .The ready and quality products will be available to the community
around. Employment opportunity will also be contributed because business will require labour
for the production and distribution of the services thus enabling people in the community to
venture in the business.
1.7.INDUSTRY.
The industry to be venture into the manufacturing of food industry.
The business is expensive to start because it will require some machines.
Characteristics of the industry
(i)It requires high capital to start because it will require some machine.
(ii) The level of technology is modern since the electronic machines have fully emerged to
replace manual ones.
(iii) Due to modern technology, it requires trained personals i.e. of capital is used to purchase
machines and material.
Size of the firm
The industry will be a medium firm and it shall accommodate average number of employees.
6.
Seasonal factors
Seasonal factors that the industry is going through are things like dynamic technology. It s also
growing through ordering of raw materials and the owner are giving services. Industry is also
experiencing factors like inadequate capital to raise the business to high standards.
1.8.BUSINESS GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
The overall goals will be to equip the business with the necessary apparatus like ovens and
within one year to a large market share which will be dominating for quality breads. The
business will have short and long terms goals.
Short term goals (between 1-2yrs)
(1) The owner will rent a room for operating the business equipped with all baking
equipment and apparatus
(2) Purchases one or move oven after four months.
(3) The owner will be distributing breads to Matiri market shops.
(4) In the 2nd year the owner hopes to have gained ¾ of the customers who will have great
preferences for the breads.
(5) Within the two years the owner will have double the workers salary in order to motivate
them to put in work.
Long term goals (3-5 years)
(1) In the third year the owner will add three more employees to help in distributing breads in
different regions.
(2) The owner will expand the market to various major ones like shops and big supermarkets.
(3) The owner will purchase a van in the 4th year to aid in the distribution of breads.
(4) The owner will rent a bigger room to accommodate expansion of activities due to more in
the market share.
The advertisement will be done through billboards posters to create awareness of the
business and there will be also promotion.
1.9.ENTRY AND GROWTH STRATEGIES:
(i) Entry strategies
The business start at pre –start upstage. The stage will invoice planning on how the business will
be, it’s set up and how activities will be implemented.
The owner will consider the competition available by making sure that the product are of
quality and affordable to beat the competitors and try to research on the competitors weakness so
as to come up with strategies to strengthen the business.
7.
The distribution channels to be used are bicycle, van and door to door selling.
The advertisement will be done through billboards posters to create awareness of the business.
(ii) Growth strategies
It will involve the activities the owner will do to ensure success of the business. It includes.
(i) Advertising the business and promotion. This will be through posters and radio
to create preference of breads.
(ii) Increasing coverage by expanding distribution in neighboring towns and
markets.
(iii) Employing more employees and training them on how to deal with customers
and also help in marketing the business and breads during the third year

REASONS ON IMPORTANCE FOR STUDENT TEACHER TO STUDY SOCIALOGY OF EDUCATION


REASONS WHY IT IS IMPORTANCE FOR STUDENT TEACHER TO STUDY SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION.
    
1         The teachers get to know how the school affects the society and vice versa. For  example culture  beliefs  affects  the way  the  school  is run  whereas  knowledge  acquired  at school  might  affect the  home  situation. In some communities for example it is unacceptable for girls to wear shorts for physical education. On the other hand , learners  who are  made  to believe  that  education will  lead them  to  white  collar Job  may  find  its  difficult  to carry  out  manual  chores  at home  or take  a manual Job.

2        Sociology of education is a source of educational goals and objectives. The student teachers are en-lighted on how the education process in society is like. With  this  knowledge  teachers  are able  to know  what  is  supposed to be  taught to students at what time ,the  level of  students to be  taught etc.

3        The students teachers  through  sociology of education  gets  to understand the  nature of  society  the learners  are  being  prepared  to live and play active  roles and improve it. The socialization between teachers and  students enables  teachers  know the society in which their students  are prepared to live in and thus train  them on  the best  ways they are supposed to live  in their society,  for  examples those  that  live  near water  bodies are taught on migrations of fish, the  agricultural communities are taught the best agricultural methods  to give  high yield.

4        Helps teachers  understand group behavior ,hence the   behavior of learners  for effective teaching planning and  teaching  example  a teacher teaching  in  community  where  dwellers  of that  society  cherish  women   in heritance, may  try  to  convince  student a against  this  practice by for  example  teaching  dancers  of  HIV/AIDS, the  course  effects  to the  society and the  nation in general.


5        Helps the teachers to understand the relationships and interactions within the  school and the  community and how they affect the learning process. For  example in some  communities that believes  that  girls  having  higher  education for  example  the university  education  are all   immoral , teacher  can try  to convince  parents  especially  during parents meeting on the  need  to educate all genders to their  highest levels of education and  the benefits they  get.
                     
                    earn money while you study

Agent of  socialization.

1        The family
This is the first social institution that the learner gets into contact with.The family has a hierarchy of authority which help in administrative matters ,each family has specific habits, attitudes and values which are passed to children. In the family there is use of common language. Although  many languages  may be  used , one  is  commonly used  and  the  children will  learn it first. The child learns that they are members of a group and know  the  position they  occupy in  the  family, learners  learn religion, gender role , accept themselves as boys and  girls, etiquette and so on.

2        School
It is the second society which the child Joins and continues with the process of socialization. School has its own locality and organized administrative system headed by the head teacher. The school has tradition, customs, motto, uniform and rules which bind it as a society. There is clear division of labour and responsibility. The class is seen as a small community of the society with classroom as the home. Members  of the  school learn to  recognize  hierarchy  of authority  through school rules, they  learn to  behave in a socially acceptable manner and the  school motto help learners  to  identify  themselves with  the  school.

3        The peer group.
As learners  in a class  or school they  form small groups based on friendship usually  composed  of  learners  of almost the  same  age , sex and  interest. In these  groups  there are  a lot  of socialization  that takes place , the  learners  are so  free  with  each other  in the group and share  lots of  information because  the groups are  usually  composed  of single  sex pupils, they  identify  themselves  with various gender  roles. These groups help individuals to accept other members of the family with different views and values. They anticipate adult role through play.
4        Religious organization
Most  families identify  themselves  with  religious  groups, as  a result, children  are  introduced  to religion from  an early  age these  group  have  their  belief, values and practices which  they expect their  members  to  uphold. These groups  have  moral  codes  which  guides  people  in their relationship, social responsibility is  taught ,many teach love  for one another  and some religious have  a dress code for their members.

5        Mass  media
Due to  rapid  technological development  the world  has become  a global village, young people are increasingly exposed  to way of  life  of other countries through the mass media  eg through  newspapers, television internet , communication gadgets etc, young  people gets  to  know about entertainment , they may  copy  the way  of dressing, walking  ,talking from media personalities they identify themselves with .The  foreign influence has  effect  in  African  culture thus parents and teachers needs to monitor what young children are exposed to in order to avoid negative influences
                           3) way in which   school socializes  learners.

i.        Learners recognize the hierarchy of authority which is important in a solid organization.
ii.      Through school rules and role modeling of teaching   learners learn to behave in a society acceptance manner eg respect, good manners, obedience etc.
iii.    Through school  motto  and  traditions help  in making  members  identify  with and  be  proud of the  school.
iv.    Learners learn to relate with each other in their various status. eg  they  have  classmates housemates, club mates, desk mates, younger and  older pupils , prefects , teachers , non- teaching staff all of  whom  they  need  to  relate to appropriately.
v.      Learners understand they have a role to play in school society  and  carry out their duties.
vi.    Learn to appreciate and accept those who are better and worse b than them especially in academic excellence. This enables them accept their weakness and strengths in wider society.